The Figure 6. Figure 6. The two monumental units of the exposed concrete relief map left , and a detail of the Figure 6. Photos Photosby bythe theauthors, authors, It is the unique design features that make this project special. The request of the It is the unique design features that make this project special. According to the concept of the of the designer, due to the characteristics of the urban environment of the planning site, designer, due to the characteristics of the urban environment of the planning site, which is which is one of the most cosmopolitan districts, and Eclecticism dominating its architecture, Earth , 2, FOR PEER REVIEW one of the most cosmopolitan districts, and Eclecticism dominating its architecture, it was11 it was possible to fulfill this request only in an abstract way.
Thus, the main idea of the possible to fulfill appearance was this basedrequest on theonly in anofabstract motives Kalocsaway. Thus, the embroidery main with idea of theminimalist a simplified, appear- ance was based on the motives of Kalocsa embroidery with a simplified, minimalist and functionalist interpretation.
The choice of materials was inspired by the atmosphere andof functionalist theindoor interpretation. Figure Figure 7.
Figure 7. The The unique street unique street furniture furniture with with innovative innovative design design has has multiple multiple roles: roles: serving serving as as benches, benches, and and also for water also for water features features and and lighting. The red steel provides a strong contrast to the white limestone slabs that are usual at Budapest public spaces, lighting.
The red steel provides a strong contrast to the white limestone slabs that are usual at Budapest public spaces, and and thus a characteristic, unique design is achieved at the promenade. Photos by authors, The three examples described below present the diversity of the revitalised areas in the city. The first example, Krakowski Park was modelled after Viennese gardens and estab- lished towards the end of the 19th century. Prior to the First World War, it was one of the favourite meeting spots for the residents of Krakow.
There were numerous restaurants and cafes here, in addition to a concert pavilion, a bowling alley, a swimming pool, an ice skating rink, a cycling arena, a small zoo and a pond. A summer theatre operated here as well. Initially, it had a geometric layout of a folk park with freeform elements on its edges. During the war, the park was only available to Germans occupying Poland.
After the war, the pond was remodelled. The revitalization of the park was based on comprehensive conservation measures that targeted the historical garden, along with adap- tation measures.
The architectural design provided for the restoration of the greenery and the park furniture, and the modernization of infrastructure and lighting. The main design objective was to make the composition of park interiors and visual linkages more legible, as they had become unclear over the years. It should be highlighted that the landscaping design for Krakowski Park is the only layout of its kind in Krakow. Multi-species perennial gardens supplemented with bulb plants were designed in the outer areas of the park.
The seasonal aspect was also accounted for. The park currently features a pond that was not renovated, as well as an open-air sculpture gallery that was established in it itcurrently currently features features 19 19 sculptures. In In contrast, contrast, years years ago the park ago the park had had aa much much more comprehensive functional programme.
At present, new playgrounds more comprehensive functional programme. The development of cities in modern times was associated with the need to extend their limits. The Planty Park, which is the subject of this study, makes up an area of ca. The parallel pathways adjust their routes to adapt to compositional changes introduced in different periods: to the classicist, landscape, naturalistic, eclectic layout, as well as to transformations carried out in the spirit of Art Nouveau, and later of Modernism.
The current form is the effect of revalorisations implemented here whose goal was to improve the legibility of the observed stylistic strata.
As the Planty Park is an area subject to strict protection of conservation services, the possibilities of modifications, including architectural interventions, are limited there. Generally, the Planty has not changed for years.
The last investment was when two playgrounds were placed in , one in the inner courtyard and the other in the eastern part of the park. The concept of a playground hidden in the yard in the vicinity of an Archaeological Museum was based on the concept of the history of human settlements. Some specific elements were built as a small garden of experiments, addressed to various age groups with special consideration for persons with disabilities.
This attraction is located within less than metres from the Royal Castle. Figure 9. TheThe natural natural and and ecological ecological values of values of such such parks parks were were discovered discovered at at the the end end of of the the 20th 20th century, century,andandthus thusprotection protection zones were zones were defined.
This This isis the the first first investment investment of of such such kind kind created created with with the the respect respectforfor the nature and the animals that live on this area, with minimum intervention. The concept The concept is based is based on on the the use use of of natural natural materials, materials, the the exposition exposition ofof the the special special values values of of the the place, place, appropriate for the poplar and willow riverside forest, and their adaptation for family appropriate for the poplar and willow riverside forest, and their adaptation for family walks and walks and nature nature observations observations Figure Figure The concept is based on the use of natural materials, the exposition of the special values of the place, appropriate for the poplar and willow riverside forest, and their adaptation for family walks and nature observations Figure Figure Figure Rejman, Rejman, Shanghai, 3.
Shanghai, China China The renewal The renewal ofof East East Nanjing Road in Nanjing Road in Shanghai, Shanghai, China, China, as as the the main main shopping shopping and and pedestrian street of the city at the end of the s, was one of the first contemporary pedestrian street of the city at the end of the s, was one of the first contemporary open-space design open-space design interventions interventionsininShanghai.
The TheEast Nanjing East NanjingRoad Shopping Road Pedestrian Shopping Pedes- area—running east-west in the city fabric—with a long history and high commercial trian area—running east-west in the city fabric—with a long history and high commercial value, is one of the city symbols of Shanghai. The Chinese government decided in August to start the open-space renovation, in a planned length of 1.
According to the analysis of the characteristics of crowded shopping behavior, an asymmetric layout is adopted, with a 4. Urban pub- lic facilities seats, shopping pavilions, billboards, sculptures, street lightings, flower beds, etc.
For example, the regeneration of Middle Jiangxi Road in integrates some time- honored business with innovative elements, making it a gathering place for popular old-brand stores. The renovation extends to the branch roads on both sides, explores the cultural characteristics of the branch roads, and transforms some of those into characteristic pedestrian features.
In this way, a herringbone shape has been developed, forming East Nanjing Road as a pedestrian block. The regeneration of the open-space system alongside of Shanghai Southern Yangpu Waterfront is a recent project in Shanghai, dating from The municipality developed a 3-year program for a better connection of the Huangpu River shoreline with the city in the downtown area, creating a continuous pedestrian zone and leisure for the city. Both the Huangpu River and Suzhou River represent two of the most distinctive, representative and symbolic landmarks of Shanghai.
The vacant buildings and abandoned docks there from the post-industrial era prevented people from entering the river and also cut off the walking flow along the river. These, however, are precious historical memories of the city Figure Urban public facilities seats, shopping pavilions, billboards, sculptures, street lightings, flower Earth , 2 beds, etc.
The vacant buildings and aban- c doned docks there from the post-industrial era prevented people from entering the river and also cut off the walking flow along the river. These, however, are precious historical Section Figure Yu, For example, the regeneration of Middle Jiangxi Road in integrates some time- honored business with innovative elements, making it a gathering place for popular old- brand stores. The renovation extends to the branch roads on both sides, explores the cul- tural characteristics of the branch roads, and transforms some of those into characteristic a b Figure Connected Figure Connectedshoreline shorelineininthe thedowntown downtownarea areaof ofthe theHuangpu Huangpu River River a ; a ; the the dock dock crane was completely retained retained as as a new a new visual visual focus focus b Source b Source a,b : a,b : DADA Landscape, Landscape, Photographer: Photographer: JinJinXiaohui.
TheThe3-WAYS 3-WAYSmodel modelisisa avery very successful design successful designtooltool in the in the reopening reopeningof ofclosed closedriverfront riverfrontspace. By By space. The design The design of of the the linked linked open open spaces spaces ofof the the riverfront riverfront focuses focuses on both both the the collaborative collabora- tive protection of historical texture and ecological restoration.
This also protection of historical texture and ecological restoration. This also adds new functions adds new func- to tions to enhance its vitality and become new hotspots enhance its vitality and become new hotspots Figure Figure The design strategy is to keep and reuse the industrial structures. All high-pile wharfs were retained and reused, and a ton dock crane was completely retained as a new visual focus, reducing construction costs. Moreover, scratches and textures were left on the old wharf to spatialize and materialize the memories.
Instead of natural granite, precast concrete or cast-in-place concrete as the finish, and colored asphalt were used, which is close to the texture of the old dock and brings a holistic and continuous paving effect. The designer also adopted the strategy of limited intervention and low-impact development. Ecological restoration and transformation were carried out while respecting the original site conditions. Conclusions Open space design, as an integral part of urban design, is the art of relationship.
The duty is therefore to explore new, hidden relationships or strengthen existing ones that provide a visual urban experience, unveiling the values and characteristics of the specific place to the spectator. The character of the cities under review reflects a special planning approach: with an urban development strategy focused on the sale of properties, until the 21st century, little attention was paid to open-space design solutions that would have a positive effect on the character.
The original role of urban open spaces has significantly been extended, their uses and functions substantially evolved and renewed representation, socialisation, commercial, cultural and living space, visual effects, traffic, leisure and garden.
At the same time, the planning methodology of urban open spaces has also changed, the role of the planner having become more complex.
The main reason for that is that the planning process needs multiple actors. In addition to the client and the planner, the users also actively contribute to the planning process participatory planning , so that their needs can more directly shape the public places. Moreover, local governments, other professionals concerned, public utility providers, planning and other relevant authorities e.
The legal background for planning is also becoming more rigid and complex, so that a consensus is more difficult to achieve. The final result then must have the agreement of all participants, which requires a comprehensive coordination based on a complex approach from the landscape architect as the general planner.
It significantly expands the function and enriches the role of historic urban open spaces, contributing to the overall development of the city. In China, although there are some practices as good examples, generally the importance of historic open spaces to urban regeneration and development is ignored.
Beyond a sensitive approach to heritage conservation and design, these cases also attach great importance to local identity, culture and art creation, interac- tions between the surroundings and the historical buildings, public participation and sustainability. This means that high-quality open-space renovations are not possible to realise from the EU budget only.
However, for having a successful and result-oriented open-space design in the future, it would be important to clarify the problematic issues, especially the pitfalls related to the management of public transport, the status of public utilities, and the uses of surface areas.
Furthermore, optimising the uses, integrating the traffic into the everyday life of the public space as much as possible, are crucial so that a successful renovation of open spaces is possible to achieve. Although the case studies introduced are rather different in their urban integration and design, they are related by the basic concept of their renovation, which can be described as the ideology behind 21st century open-space renovations.
This means that open-space renovation may respond to the historic environment diversely, but architectural heritage must always be respected. Although historic periods may be evoked, copies of bygone eras that had never existed at the specific location should never be applied.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript. Funding: This research received no external funding. Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable. Informed Consent Statement: Written informed consent has been obtained from the patient s to publish this paper. Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest. References 1. Clark, K. Power of place—heritage policy at the start of the new millennium.
Nijhuis, S. Varna, G. Assessing the publicness of public space: The star model of publicness. Urban Des. Southworth, M. Designing the walkable city. Urban Plan. Ehrenhalt, A. Ashihara, Y. Short, J. In Hungarian Zheng, H. A comparative analyzis of the urban renewal studies in China and foreign countries: Based on bibliometrics. City Plan. Zhou, J. Reflections on improving the urban renewal system of Shanghai.
Forum , 1, 20— Huang, Y. Urban Dev. Zheng, S. Urban regeneration and conservation of historic architecture. Xiaoming, K. Research on the difficulties and countermeasures of urban renewal in Shanghai. Yang, R. Relationship between landscape architecture and urban design. Shanghai urban space art season: Towards the total art. Architecture , 1, 54— Mannberg, M. Communicative planning—Friend or foe? Obstacle and opportunities for implementing sustainable development locally.
Ahern, J. Green infrastructure for cities: The spatial dimension. Jongman, R. European ecological networks and greenways.
Swaffield, S. Shaping an urban landscape strategy to promote biodiversity. Sukopp, H. The effects of climate change on the vegetation of central European cities. Urban Habitats , 1, 66— Meurk, C. Cities as complex landscapes: Biodiversity opportunities, landscape configurations and design directions.
Roehr, D. Influence of Western landscape architecture on current design in China. Petersburg, Russia, ; pp. Taking just one example, with global warming, increasingly inhabitants of urban areas suffer from the tendency of hard built-up areas to store and retain heat longer than surrounding green areas.
At the same time streets trees can improve biodiversity, provide daily shade and shelter, filter dust and pollution, and, critically, reduce CO2. Furthermore, if all the embodied energy in the infrastructure of a typical a town or city is calculated it will represent many times more energy than the ongoing processes of development and redevelopment consume over decades.
Carmona energy once constructed — studies of conventional new houses indicate that the accumulated energy costs in use exceed the embodied energy of the actual basic construction within five years Barton et al.
Building to last also reduces the pressure on sources of construction materials, reduces the waste from, and energy used in, demolition, and encourages the construction of more adaptable buildings, spaces, urban forms and infrastructure Moughtin and Shirley, , pp. This last concern is significant because to be long-lasting, patterns of development need also to be adaptable, in the case of buildings to be able to adapt to different functions and to be extendible if required; in the case of public space, to cater for the many overlapping and sometimes incompatible functions required of urban areas; and in the case of quarters and settlement patterns, to be able to adapt over time to changing technologies, patterns of life and work, and movement Barton, , pp.
Research conducted for the British Government has concluded that public spaces will have a key role in the future delivering resilience of another type — energy resilience — through hosting micro-generation technologies wind, photo-voltaic and heat pump as countries search for ways to reduce their reliance on high carbon fuel sources Government Office for Science, , pp. It is likely, however, that whatever measures are put in place to reduce climate change, the delayed effects of greenhouse gas emissions will be increasingly felt; in Western Europe, for example, ushering in more extreme weather conditions, including hotter and drier summers, warmer and wetter winters, rising sea levels and flooding.
This will require the design of buildings and spaces now that can adapt to these changed circumstances over time, and still provide comfortable environments. For CABE , p. Green spaces with a generous planting of trees link to form a network offering cooler, cleaner air. Adaptation demands that we start really understanding how our towns and cities work naturally. Pollution reduction potentially also has an important role to play in improving quality of life in urban areas.
This is because some of the most negative collective perceptions about urban areas and a major factor driving migration out of cities to more suburban and rural areas concerns the pollution, dirt and noise characteristic of many central areas Mulholland Research Associates Ltd, The key objective across all spatial scales is to tackle pollution by reducing it in the first place — insulating against noise, ventilating against fumes, designing-out light pollution, designing-in filtration by trees, and investing in public transport whilst as far as possible controlling private car use.
Following reduction efforts, the reuse and recycling of waste products energy, water, materials etc. Removal of waste from sites should be a last resort, although investment in cleaning and maintenance is a necessary dimension of good urban management as well as a necessary component of urban renewal Carmona et al.
At the same time, most storm water is washed into sewers CABE, , p. Concentration across spatial scales is widely held to be a desirable strategy to reduce travel demand, energy use and land-take and to increase the vitality and viability of established centres.
Nevertheless, in a challenge to those advocating higher density living it has been argued that a renewed emphasis on higher density development could mean more congestion and pollution and probably the demolition of at least part of the historic fabric Hall, Furthermore, that higher density living, although technically sustainable in the short term, may be individually unacceptable and perhaps unsustainable in the long term as working at home becomes more the norm, as non-polluting motorised transport is developed and as the reduced supply of greenfield sites drives up densities at the expense of open space in established urban areas Davison, Research sponsored by the retail industry has even shown that in some circumstances new out-of-town shopping development can result in a reduction in car journeys over town centre alternatives on the basis that customers will travel to such developments come-what-may, and therefore that the more such developments there are, and the closer they are to each other, the less individuals will need to travel to reach them JMP Consultants, Later work confirmed this advice, arguing that if nothing else, intensification can support urban living and reduce land-take, although the case for widespread compaction has yet to be convincingly made Jenks et al.
Furthermore, concentration can help to reduce space given over to the cars and increase pedestrian movement and the viability of public transport, therefore helping to support other sustainable urban design objectives such as reducing the need for personal travel Clarke, , pp. At the building scale, compact building forms such as terraces are clearly more energy efficient than, for example, detached ones the higher the ratio of floor area to external skin area, the lower the loss of energy Chalifoux in Farr, , pp.
The variation in impact that the concentration of urban form can account for is illustrated by Newman , p. Carmona GJ per person through its density of six persons per hectare. Thus the million Chinese who moved into cities between and are equivalent to just over one Atlanta with its 4 million people.
It also represents a key objective of progressive planning systems through legislation covering the protection and enhancement of valued buildings, townscapes and natural landscapes English Heritage, The result are environments of distinctive character in building design, space composition, mix of uses and spatial layouts, which once damaged are difficult to repair. This should not imply that change is inappropriate and should be resisted, merely that to be sustainable the precautionary principle should be applied Biddulph, , p.
Landscape design is often the forgotten dimension of the urban environment, too often being treated as an afterthought or as a purely visual concern, for example, to reduce the impact of ugly buildings or acres of parking, or alternatively forced and overly conceptual, loosing in the process its human connection Denton-Thompson, , p. However, more fundamental approaches to landscape have long been advocated in which urban areas are seen as just one part of a wider functioning ecosystem, and in which the biotic environment fauna and flora and space for it to flourish exist side-by-side, and even dictate the form of the human-made environment McHarg, Therefore, like the associated need to reduce pollution and the use of natural resources, the need for biotic support equates to support for the ongoing natural processes in and around human settlements.
CABE , p. At the scale of the urban quarter, the concern extends to respect for existing and provision of new open spaces within settlements and to their nurturing as natural habitats Wooley, , pp. Finally, at the settlement-wide scale, the concern relates to the integration of town and country through the design of open space networks and the careful transition between town and country at the urban fringe Von Borcke, Before 20th century, development of the built environment was in the main slow and incremental with most lives centred on local areas and utilising local resources — both human and natural.
With increasing internationalisation and greater ease of communications and travel, patterns of living and development processes take place on an ever-expanding stage. The implications are unsustainable because of the loss of identification with place through development processes, because of the homogenisation of building types, forms, styles and landscapes, and because of the increasing distances that populations and resources need to travel to cater for everyday needs Hopkins, , pp.
Although patterns of life will be difficult to change over the short term, design has a potentially important role to play in providing people the choice to lead more self-sufficient lifestyles in the future.
This may include physical measures such as providing for cyclists to encourage greater self-sufficiency in travel, providing fast internet connections to allow home working, or simply allowing space for local food production in less dense urban areas Hopkins, More fundamentally, it will require key stakeholders and local populations to have a greater active involvement in developing a vision for their locality and in its ongoing management Stewart, Participation going beyond consultation therefore represents a key tenet of self- sufficiency as it does of sustainable development more widely.
It extends to the notion that in a democratic society, the actions of the few should not impact adversely on the amenities enjoyed by the many. This implies that development through its design should be environmentally benign, or that recompense be made locally to redress the balance Dunster, Inevitably not all members of the community will be engaged to the same degree in environmental behaviours, but it may be that urban design processes can encourage greater participation.
A 4Es model DETR, can be utilised to maximise the likelihood of enduring behavioural change: 1 Engaging — by providing opportunities for the public to participate in debates, through community and social networks and marketing 2 Encouraging — by rewarding certain behaviours and discouraging others, for example through local award schemes, fiscal incentives or legislative controls such as on parking 3 Enabling — by delivering the infrastructure that allows sustainable behaviours to occur, for example the provision of safe, attractive routes to key local destinations, or space to store recycling bins.
Carmona 5 Delivering sustainable design Discussion of the ten sustainable design principles at their different scales has revealed the complexities inherent in developing — let alone delivering — a sustainable urban design strategy.
It also reveals the aspirational nature of much of the agenda which inevitably contains internal overlaps and contradictions that can only be resolved through practice.
For example, the desire for more concentrated patterns of development might unintentionally design-out opportunities for increasing biodiversity or for sustainable drainage, design for passive solar gain may require more south-facing development, whilst human needs for a more sociable environment may necessitate a permeable grid.
The principles outlined above can only ever represent a start of a design process, therefore, with principles needing to be reconciled on the basis of local contextual factors and development aspirations. More fundamental questions have also arisen about whether this new imperative for the design agenda can be addressed within the making places tradition of urban design that now dominates the theory and practice of urban design, and to which this article broadly subscribes, or whether an entirely new orthodoxy is required, one that places sustainability, rather than place-making, at its heart.
Figure 4 Looking from one residential enclave to the next see online version for colours All these examples suggest a break with urban design as place-making, at least to the extent that form and impact rather than people and place are the priority. Ritchie in Ritchie and Thomas, , p. They argue, for example, that it is perfectly possible to engage with street-based design whilst also achieving optimal thermal performance.
What may be required, however, is a more sophisticated and multi-functional view about urban environments and their constituent elements: people using their own homes to generate power, green open spaces used for water recycling, neighbourhoods accommodating multiple land uses, and public spaces supporting wildlife, etc. Thwaits, Moreover, with climate change now impacting on and changing local environments around the world, there will be need for flexibility, and to learn the lessons from history about what characteristics of urban form can be used in different climatic circumstances to modify local climates.
Golany , for example, argues that urban morphology can be designed to cool or warm temperatures in urban areas as appropriate, without the need for active, energy-intensive technologies. He concludes, for example, that whilst in stressful climates which with climate change may become more widespread compact city forms will be generally desirable, continuous street grid systems will best suit hot climates to encourage air penetration deep into the city with closed irregular street systems more suitable in cooler climates.
Golany , p. Clearly, however, any conceptualisation of sustainable urban design is of little value unless it can be implemented.
The drivers encouraging more active approaches to delivering sustainable design are well accepted and relate to the potential for lasting damage wreaked by increasingly unsustainable patterns of life and development and to a recognition that mankind holds both the potential to irreversibly damage the natural environment or to repair and enhance it.
The decisions are essentially moral ones to be debated through international, national and local political processes for delivery through associated processes of development and governance. The barriers to delivery are, however, formidable and may sometimes seem impossible to overcome. In such a context, it is easy to think that individual contributions will have little impact and that positive action can be put off for another day.
This last point is significant and helps to illustrate the complexity of the task. Thus, even to deliver just one part of the wider sustainable development agenda — better urban design — a whole series of stakeholders are required to support a shared vision of a more sustainable future. Clearly, therefore, the barriers are both international and endemic and extend across public and private spheres of responsibility. Actual processes of urban design are diverse, sometimes led by the private sector and sometimes by the public, and increasingly through a partnership of public and private stakeholders.
In this regard the private sector brings to the table expertise, resources and the drive to deliver inspired by the profit motive. The public sector acts as regulator, coordinator, manager, and often as landowner. Both will be involved in almost every urban design intervention although the balance of power between each and their exact roles and relationships will vary profoundly depending on local circumstances and development processes.
Table 3 attempts to identify the diversity of stakeholders who need to be engaged in the delivery of sustainable design, as well as the diversity of means across spatial scales through which to influence its delivery. The table demonstrates — in particular — the wide range of public sector agencies and potential influences on sustainable design, as well as the diverse interests across the four spatial scales of public, private and community sectors.
It also confirms the important role of agencies with plan-making and grant-making powers — planning authorities, highways authorities and regeneration agencies — in a central coordinating role to join-up public sector contributions and deliver a partnership of public and private interests focused on delivering sustainable urban design. In delivering this objective not all is doom and gloom as increasingly, international, national and local government agendas are recognising that change is not only desirable, but is both necessary and inevitable EU, , pp.
Instead, it implies a much more profound basis on which to make decisions which impact on the social, economic and environmental sustainability of the built environment. It is also important to recognise that sustainable urban design is just part of the broader sustainable development agenda that seeks to create sustainable places: economically, socially, and environmentally.
Allmendinger and Tiesdell have suggested that this requires getting the people skills, resources and commitment, social infrastructure, and economic infrastructure and place factors communication, physical resources, economic structure, location, quality of life opportunities and local governance right. Urban design relates to all of these, but is only part, albeit an important part, of this agenda. It is nevertheless vital that the contribution of good design is fully recognised in both the theories and practice of sustainable development.
Around the world, policy agendas if not always practice have been recognising this. In the latter case, the ten design principles discussed above are now reflected across the national benchmark for well-designed housing and neighbourhoods Building for Life, This sets 20 questions that developers can use to write development briefs, or for local authorities to demand higher design standards.
Table 2 can be used in a similar fashion as a simple means to assess whether urban design proposals are sustainable, and to indicate the range of relevant issues applicable at different spatial scales. Planners, designers, developers and other stakeholders might usefully ask: 1 Do proposals enhance their context, effectively join-up the range of contributions and therefore help to carefully steward in change over time?
Carmona 3 Do proposals support diversity and choice in movement, access and land use mix? References Allmendinger, P.
Barton, H. Bentley, I. Biddulph, M. Breheny, M. Carew-Reid, J. Carmona, M. Sustainable urban design 75 Carmona, M. Chaplin, S. Clarke, P. Clifford, S. Cuthbert, A. Davison, I. Denton-Thompson, M. Dunster, B. Edwards, B. Available online at: www. Fieldhouse, K. Frey, H. Golany, G. Hall, P. Hatherway, T.
Haughton, G. Hopkins, J. Hough, M. Imrie, R. Jabareen, Y. Jenks, M. Lang, J. Llewelyn, D. Lowe, R. Mantownhuman Manifesto: towards a new humanism in architecture, Available online at: www. McHarg, I. Ministry for the Environment New Zealand urban design protocol. Moos, M. Moughtin, C.
Mulholland Research Associates Ltd. Newman, P. Philips, C. Power, A. Rees, W. Sustainable urban design 77 Ritchie, A. Ritchie, A. Rogers, R. Romaya, S.
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